BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

Originally posted, 9/29/00, last update, 6/4/21 last link check 6/4/21
Supplementary online exercises and links to tutorials.
Prepared by Steve Murov
Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Modesto Junior College

murovs@yosemite.edu
For the same exercises without the links to tutorials, please visit:  http://murov.info/chemexe.htm
For introductions to chemistry, please visit:  http://murov.info/chemessentials.htm  

http://murov.info/chemhighlights.htm  
http://murov.info/chemenrichment.htm

For many more chemistry websites by Murov, please visit:  http://murov.info


New, 6/26/21, solved examples from problems in Chapters 1-16 below.
http://murov.info/chemprob.pptx  download required
http:/murov.info/chemprob/chemprob.html download not needed


CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 Measurements in Chemistry
CHAPTER 2 Matter, Changes and Energy
CHAPTER 3 Elements, Compounds, and Their Composition
CHAPTER 4 The Periodic Table and Chemical Nomenclature
CHAPTER 5 Modern Atomic Theory
CHAPTER 6 The Chemical Bond
CHAPTER 7 Chemical Reactions
CHAPTER 8 Quantitative Relationships in Chemistry
CHAPTER 9 The Gaseous State
CHAPTER 10 The Solid and Liquid States, Energy changes
CHAPTER 11 Aqueous Solutions
CHAPTER 12 Acids, Bases, and Salts
CHAPTER 13 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
CHAPTER 14 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
CHAPTER 15 Nuclear Chemistry
CHAPTER 16 Organic Chemistry
APPENDIX A Names and Symbols of Common Ions Arranged by Charge
APPENDIX B Useful Sites on the Internet
APPENDIX C Online (or Virtual) Chemistry Texts
   

CHAPTER 1 - Measurements in Chemistry
    Exercise 1-1    Significant Figures and Scientific Notation -
                      
      Exercise 1-1
                
1-2    Unit Conversions -

                             
Exercise 1-2
Tutorials
     Significant Figures
          
http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/mr-sigfg.html 
           http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch1/sigfigs.html 
           https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2015/03/26/sig-figs-graphing-scientific-method/
           http://chemcollective.org/activities/tutorials/stoich/significant_figures 
           http://www.chemteam.info/SigFigs/SigFigs.html 
           http://www.learnchem.net/tutorials/basics.shtml#SigFigs 
          
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
     Scientific Notation
           http://www.chemtutor.com/numbr.htm#sci
          
http://www.wtamu.edu/academic/anns/mps/math/mathlab/col_algebra/col_alg_tut3_scinot.htm 
           http://www.purplemath.com/modules/exponent3.htm 
           http://www.ausetute.com.au/notation.html  
           http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
 
     Metric System
         https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/wparkinson/help/metric_units/lesson_index.html
         https://getchemistryhelp.com/chemistry-lesson-metric-system-conversions/
     Unit Conversions or Dimensional analysis
          http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/mr-da.html 
         
http://chemistry.alanearhart.org/Old/Tutorials/DimAnal/dimanal-part2.html 
          
http://www.tutor-homework.com/Chemistry_Help/Unit_Conversion.html 
          http://www.alysion.org/dimensional/fun.htm 
          https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2016/03/30/unit-conversions/
          http://www.chemprofessor.com/dimension_text.htm 
          https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

          

CHAPTER 2 - Matter, Changes and Energy
    Exercise 2-1    Density -
                             
Exercise 2-1
                   2-2     Terminology -
                             
Exercise 2-2
     Tutorials
            http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/index.shtml 
            http://www.gcsescience.com/e9-substance-physical-state.htm
            http://www.chemtutor.com/sta.htm 
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

        Glossary
          
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/index.shtml 
        States of matter
          
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html 
           http://www.learnchem.net/tutorials/som.shtml 
   
        http://www.chemtutor.com/sta.htm 
   
        https://www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resource/States-of-Matter-solids-liquids-and-gases-6335122/
           http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1/States-of-Matter/120 
           https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Properties_of_Matter/Classification_of_Matter
   
     Phase changes
   
        http://www.physicstutorials.org/home/heat-temperature-and-thermal-expansion/change-of-phasestate-phase-transition 
        Density
           https://www.ausetute.com.au/density.html

CHAPTER 3 - Elements, Compounds, and Their Composition
    Exercise 3-1    Symbols and Properties of the Elements -
                            
Exercise 3-1
                    3-2    Protons, Neutrons, Electrons and Isotopes -
                            
Exercise 3-2
    Tutorials  
            http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/index.shtml 
            http://www.gcsescience.com/a1-atom-electron-neutron-proton.htm 

            http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch2/ 
            http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/ 
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

CHAPTER 4 - The Periodic Table and Chemical Nomenclature
    Exercise 4-1    Polyatomic Ions -
                             
Exercise 4-1
                    4-2    Formulas of Compounds -

                   
         Exercise 4-2
                    4-3    Nomenclature and Properties of Compounds -

                          Exercise 4-3
    Tutorials
        Nomenclature
            http://science.widener.edu/svb/pset/nomen_b.html
            http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/compounds/index.shtml   
           
https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2015/01/13/naming-worksheets/
          
 https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/2-7-chemical-nomenclature/
        Periodicity
            http://www.chemtutor.com/perich.htm 
           
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/ 
            http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/propsmenu.html#top 
        
https://chemfiesta.org/2015/09/18/the-periodic-table/
           https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Periodicity_and_Electron_Configurations

CHAPTER 5 - Modern Atomic Theory
    Exercise 5-1   Electronic Structure of Atoms-
                           
Exercise 5-1
                    5-2   Periodic Properties of the Elements -
                           
Exercise 5-2
   Tutorials
Electron structure
            http://www.chemtutor.com/struct.htm#con
            http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/electrons/index.shtml
           
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/elstructs.html#top 
            http://electronconfiguration.info/ 
            http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/ 
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
        Periodicity
            http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
            https://chemfiesta.org/2015/09/18/the-periodic-table/
            https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-5-the-periodic-table
                                   
 

CHAPTER 6 - The Chemical Bond
    Exercise 6-1   Valence and Ion Electron Structures-
                           
Exercise 6-1
                   6-2   Lewis Structures of Molecules -

                           
Exercise 6-2
                   6-3    Bond Type and Polarity -
                           
Exercise 6-3
    Tutorials
        Bonding
           
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page2.html
           
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bondingmenu.html 
            http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/lsps07_int_chembonds/
            http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1/Chemical-Bonding/55 
            http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chembond/ 
            http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch01/ch1-3depth.html 
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
           
        Lewis Dot Structures
            https://teachercavalcade.wordpress.com/2015/03/24/ionic-and-covalent-compounds/
           
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/lewis.html 
            http://www.chemteam.info/Bonding/Lewis-Structure-1MoreAns.html 
            http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch01/ch1-3depth.html 
            https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2016/03/30/lewis-structures-and-vsepr/
            https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/7-3-lewis-symbols-and-structures
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
           
        Molecular Geometry
            http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/vsepr/ 
           
http://www.chemteam.info/VSEPR/VSEPR.html 
            http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/ 

           
http://www.tutor-homework.com/Chemistry_Help/Molecular_Geometry/Polar_Or_Nonpolar.html 
            http://www.chemistry-drills.com/VSEPR.php 
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

CHAPTER 7 - Chemical Reactions
    Exercise 7-1   Balancing and Classfying Chemical Reactions -
                           
Exercise 7-1
                    7-2  Net Ionic Equations and Double Replacements
                           
Exercise 7-2
    Tutorials
        Classifcation of Reactions
            https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Types_of_chemical_reactions
            http://www.chemtutor.com/react.htm
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

        Balancing equations
            http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/high/balequa/balequa.htm
           
http://misterguch.brinkster.net/eqnbalance.html 
            http://www.chemtutor.com/react.htm 
           
http://www.chemteam.info/Equations/Equations.html 
            https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Balancing_Equations
           
https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2015/09/04/balancing-equations/  
            http://www.chemteam.info/Equations/Equations.html
            https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/4-1-writing-and-balancing-chemical-equations
            https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/4-1-writing-and-balancing-chemical-equations/
            https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome#balancing-chemical-equations

            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
            
        Net ionic equations
           
http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/~cyau/HowtoWriteIonicEqns.htm   
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
           
https://www.chemteam.info/Equations/Net-Ionic-Equation.html


CHAPTER 8 - Quantitative Relationships in Chemistry
    Exercise 8-1   Formula Mass, Moles and Molecules -
                           
Exercise 8-1
                   8-2   Percent Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formulas
                        Exercise 8-2
                   8-3   Stoichiometry
                        Exercise 8-3

    Tutorials
        mole
            https://chemfiesta.org/2014/10/31/calculations-worksheets/
            http://www.chemtutor.com/mols.htm
            http://www.gcsescience.com/m.htm 
           
http://www.learnchem.net/tutorials/stoich.shtml 
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
           
        Percent Composition, empirical and molecular formulas
           
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~coursedev/Online%20tutorials/chemforms.htm 
            http://www.chemteam.info/Mole/EmpiricalFormula.html 
            https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2016/03/30/percent-composition-and-average-atomic-mass/
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
                       
        Stoichiometry
            http://www.chemtutor.com/mols.htm#stoi 
           
http://www.chemcollective.org/activities/tutorials/stoich/reaction_stoi 
            http://www.learnchem.net/tutorials/stoich.shtml 
            http://www.chemteam.info/Stoichiometry/Stoichiometry.html 
            http://www.pathwaystochemistry.com/stoichiometry-problem-tutorial/ 
            http://www.scienceiscool.org/stoichiometry/ 
            https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2015/03/26/chemical-equations-worksheets/
            https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Stoichiometry
            http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/     
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

CHAPTER 9 - The Gaseous State
    Exercise 9-1   Gas Laws -
                           
Exercise 9-1
                   9-2   Gases and Gas Stoichiometry
                           Exercise 9-2

   Tutorials
           
https://legacyweb.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/betha/nealGasLaw/ 
            http://www.chemtutor.com/gases.htm
           
http://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/KMT-Gas-Laws.html 
            http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/gases/index.shtml  
           
http://www.learnchem.net/tutorials/gases.shtml 
            https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2015/03/26/gases-and-their-laws/ 
            https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Gas_Laws
            http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/ 
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

 

CHAPTER 10 - The Solid and Liquid States
    Exercise 10-1   Energy Changes -
                              
Exercise 10-1

    Tutorials
        Liquids and Solids
           
http://www.docbrown.info/page03/3_51energy.htm 
            http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html 
            http://www.gcsescience.com/e9-substance-physical-state.htm 
            http://www.chemtutor.com/sta.htm 
           
http://www.chemteam.info/Thermochem/Thermochem.html 
            http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/ 
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

           
        Energy Changes
            http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/thermo/index.shtml 

        Thermodynamics
            http://www.learnthermo.com/tutorials.php 
                  
        For additional tutorials, see Appendix D:

CHAPTER 11 - Aqueous Solutions
    Exercise 11-1   Concentrations and Solution Stoichiometry -
                             
Exercise 11-1
 
    Tutorials
           
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~coursedev/Online%20tutorials/Solutions.htm 
            http://www.chemtutor.com/solution.htm 
            http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~gchemlab/soln_conc_web.htm 
            https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2015/03/26/gases-and-their-laws/
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

CHAPTER 12 - Acids, Bases, and Salts
    Exercise 12-1   Acids and Bases, pH -
                             
Exercise 12-1  

    Tutorials
        Acid and base concepts
           
http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1/Acids-and-Bases/58
            http://www.gcsescience.com/aa.htm 
            http://www.chemtutor.com/acid.htm 
            http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/acidsbases/fundamentals/section1.html 
         
  http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/theories.html 
            https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2016/03/30/acids-and-bases/
            https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Properties_and_Theories_of_Acids_and_Bases
            http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/ 
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

        pH
           
http://www.chemtutor.com/acid.htm 
           
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3


        Titrations
           
http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/instructional/laboratory-tutorials/volumetric-analysis 
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3

CHAPTER 13 - Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    Exercise 13-1   Oxidation and Reduction -
                           
  Exercise 13-1  

    Tutorials
        Oxidation numbers
           
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation_State 
            http://tutorialtub.com/info/assigning-oxidation-numbers-to-chemical-formulae 
            http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch9/redox.php 
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
           
        Oxidation-Reduction reactions
           
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~coursedev/Online%20tutorials/Redox.htm 
           
http://chemistry.about.com/od/generalchemistry/ss/redoxbal.htm 
            http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/redox/equations.html 
           
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004970/redox/index.htm 
            http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/ 
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
           
        Electrochemistry
           
http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/elchem/ 

CHAPTER 14 - Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
    Exercise 14-1   Equilibrium Expressions, Le Chatelier's Principle -
                              
Exercise 14-1
   
    Tutorials
        Equilibrium
           
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibmenu.html 
            http://www.chem.illinois.edu/CLCTutorials/102/ICETables/SeeIt.html 
            https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2015/03/26/thermo-kinetics-and-equilibria/
           
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
           
        Kinetics
            http://www.gcsescience.com/rc-reaction-rates-links.htm 
            http://www.learnchem.net/tutorials/kinetics.shtml 
           
http://www.chemistrylecturenotes.com/html/reaction_kinetics.html 
            http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/  
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3 

      

CHAPTER 15 - Nuclear Chemistry
    Exercise 15-1   Nuclear Chemistry -
                           
  Exercise 15-1
   
    Tutorials
            http://www2.lbl.gov/abc/
            https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/21-introduction
            https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2015/05/14/nuclear-chemistry/
           
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/ 
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3
               
       

CHAPTER 16 - Organic Chemistry
    Exercise 16-1   Organic Chemistry -
                              
Exercise 16-1
   
    Tutorials
           
http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/OChem/OChemHome241.HTML 
            http://www.chemguide.co.uk/orgmenu.html#top 

            http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/weborganic/organictutorials.htm 

           
https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/intro1.htm 
            http://www.chemguide.co.uk/orgmenu.html  
            https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-introduction
            https://chemfiesta.wordpress.com/2015/07/23/organic-chemistry/
            https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9832A956597F2C3          
           
     

APPENDIX A - Names and Symbols of Common Ions Arranged by Charge and solubilities - http://murov.info/ionform.htm  
                           

APPENDIX B - Useful Sites on the Internet

     Chemistry Directory - http://murov.info/webercises.htm 
     Periodic Tables  - http://murov.info/periodictables.htm 

     Periodic Table - timelines and history - http://murov.info/timelines.htm   
     Properties of Organic Solvents - http://murov.info/orgsolvents.htm  
   
Chemistry Sites of Steven Murov - http://murov.info
   
Chemistry Enrichment - http://murov.info/chemenrichment.htm

APPENDIX C - Online (or virtual) Chemistry Texts
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry
          https://openstax.org/details/books/chemistry-2e
          https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/ 
          https://chemfiesta.org/
          http://murov.info/chemessentials.
htm
          https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry

ACKNOWLEDGMENT - All of the exercises linked above were developed using the software called Hot Potatoeshttp://web.uvic.ca/hrd/halfbaked/ 

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